![]() Crude mucus consists of mucins, nonmucin proteins, lipids, water (95–97%) and cell debris. A thin layer of mucus gel lines the various mucosae, regulates access of exogenous factors into the underlying epithelia, and protects against its desiccation. Mucosal surfaces lining the internal tracts of the body are vulnerable to damage by exogenous factors mostly through air and food intake. The crude cervical mucus plugs exhibit anti-HIV-1 activity, which is defined by a specific proteomic profile. The samples with high antiviral potency exhibited a distinct proteomic profile when compared with the less potent samples. Cell-associated HIV-1 was less susceptible to inhibition by the potent samples whenever compared with the cell-free HIV-1. The proteinaceous fraction of the cervical mucus plugs exhibited anti-HIV-1 activity with inter-individual variations and some degree of specificity among different HIV-1 strains. Time-of-addition and BlaM-Vpr virus-cell fusion assays were used to pin-point the antiviral mechanisms of the cervical mucus plugs, before proteomic profiling using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The antiviral activities of the samples were studied using luminometric reporter assays and flow cytometry. Samples were centrifuged to remove insoluble material and dialysed before freeze-drying and subjecting them to the cell viability assays. Design:Ī cohort of consenting HIV-1-negative and HIV-1-positive pregnant women in labour was recruited from Mthatha General Hospital in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, from whom the cervical mucus plugs were collected in 6 M guanidinium chloride with protease inhibitors and transported to our laboratories at −80 ☌. We aimed to characterize the anti-HIV-1 activity of the cervical mucus plugs against a panel of different HIV-1 strains in the contexts of cell-free and cell-associated virus. ![]() The cervical mucus plugs are enriched with proteins of known immunological functions. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Website ( ). Supplemental digital content is available for this article. ![]() KDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.Ĭorrespondence to Anwar Suleman Mall, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa. JDepartment of Human Biology, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa IDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Walter Sisulu University/Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital HFaculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa GCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Biometrie und Klinische Epidemiologie, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany AUniversity of Cape Town, Department of Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South AfricaīTWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Institute of Experimental Virology, HannoverĬCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Virology, Charité Campus MitteĭBerlin Institute of Health, Berlin, GermanyĮUmeå University, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå, SwedenįHannover Medical School, Institute of Toxicology, Core Facility Proteomics, Hannover
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